Role of Women in Forest Management

————————————————- Cudia, Jane Victoria A. February 23, 2011 2007-15891Soc Sci 180 Role of Women in Forest Management Increasingly, the role of indigenous peoples in forest management and conservation had been recognized on the international level. Even if forest management and conservation had been an indigenous practice since time immemorial, recognition of indigenous peoples roles started only three or four decades ago. However, indigenous peoples as protectors of the environment are taken as a whole disregarding the contribution of roles and differences as contributing factors to the continuous practice of forest management and conservation. In terms of IP roles in forest management and conservation, gender is a very important thing to consider. Given an indigenous social and political context, the management of forests is communal. In general, forest management is primarily the domain of men. Women’s participation on the other hand primarily lies in forest protection because there is an intimate relationship between IP women and the forest (Caguioa, 2011). However, problem lies in the lack of recognition in national policies as to the roles of IP women in forest management and conservation. The pine forest of Brgy. Agawa, Besao, Mt. Province is a communal forest shared by different communities managed mostly by indigenous peoples. For the people of Brgy. Agawa, the forest or langdas is the source of livelihood and a place where their unique culture thrive, one of the major features of indigenous peoples. In terms of livelihood, the langdas is the source of wild fruits and animals, lumber, and firewood. In the indigenous law they practice, selling of pine lumber is prohibited. Also, outsiders are prohibited from getting anything from the langdas making the practice sustainable. In terms of tradition and culture, they believe that there are spirits guarding the rivers and forests. This is one of the reasons why indigenous peoples do not exploit the forest resources. Also, they manage the forest in a sustainable way because of the belief that their ancestors, who were buried in sacred places, mingle with their affairs. The role of women in environment protection, forest management, and conservation is very significant. Two of the key informants of the study conducted by Caguioa (2011) and her colleagues are old women who spent most of their life living in the area. The people of Brgy. Agawa, has a history of resistance in protecting the langdas and the environment. One sign of protest they had done before was the exposure of older women’s breast to oppose people who wanted to operate saw mills in the area back in the 1940s. In response to the secret resin tapping activities done to pine trees that operated during the 1970s, women of Besao secretly removed the plastic catchers and burned all of it. In general, women of Agawa, Besao, Mt. Province show their protest in the regional and national level in opposition of road construction, mining, and logging projects that will ruin the langdas. Amidst globalization, vulgar consumerism, high demands from the market, and laws that treat us all equals [sometimes even without regard to culture], the people of Brgy. Agawa, Besao, Mt. Province especially women managed the forest in a sustainable way. Following their traditions and belief systems, they had managed to conserve the forest by following natural mechanisms to restore the forest. Given the resources and knowledge systems we have as members of the dominant and so called â€Å"developed† society, we should devise forest management and conservation mechanisms that are easy and applicable. However, due to a market-driven economy we engage in, we have no control over our resources anymore. The working mechanism that works today is â€Å"what the market demands, the market gets† even at the expense of the environment and the people who manages to protect and conserve the forest. Forest management, although primarily dominated by men, it should be the domain of all even if there are differences in gender. As seen in the case of Brgy. Agawa, Mt. Province, women had great contributions in forest management and conservation. It all goes down to this: in effective forest management and conservation, gender roles and differences have a lot to offer. Reference: Caguioa, M. C. (2011). Panagsalaknib ti Langdas: Role of Indigenous Women in Forest Management in Brgy. Agawa, Besao, Mt. Province from the Global Lecture Series on Indigenous Peoples’ Studies (University of the Philippines Baguio).

Exploring The Indian Refinery Industry Environmental Sciences Essay

Energy is being an of import gas pedal for the growing of economic system and in the present scenario oil and natural gas are the chief beginnings of energy. India has got limited beginnings of oil and natural gas, so India has to be dependent on Arabian and African Countries, rich in oil and natural gas militias, for supply of the energy. Indian industry is at present transforming, turning at around 14 % per annum which is non sufficient to prolong the increasing demand for energy. In India, over the last two decennaries, The Refining Industry has witnessed enormous growing. This industry celebrates the centennial of the Refinery at Digboi ( one of the oldest refineries ) , the growing in the industry is accompanied by the tremendous development in the autochthonal capablenesss to engineer, apparatus and design mega refinery undertakings. A major designation for growing in Research activities by the refineries and national research labs have been recorded, with the consequence that activities that were traditionally regarded as being in the sphere of Accredited engineering, are being smartly pursued and cost effectual solutions to the industry ‘s demands are being provided based on autochthonal cognize how. In the 2nd half of the Last Decade, the industry has witnessed a sea alteration. Refineries ab initio were fundamentally Hydro planing refineries, the refineries set up by MNC ‘s integrated secondary processing besides. Production of Lubes was besides incorporated in some of the subsequent refineries. In the early 1980 ‘s, in a large manner secondary processing in the signifier of Fluidized Catalytic Cracking was adopted, when speedy sequence of six such units were in set up. This lead to the rule of Hydro checking in the late 1980 ‘s and early 1990 ‘s as the demand for production of more and more in-between distillations decided the pick of processing options. The three new FCC units were set up with the ability to co procedure residue along with VGO. The demand to guarantee quality of the merchandises conforming to specific rigorous specifications, related to environment and public presentation lead to the development of Hydro treating procedure and a figure of undertakings to better the quality of Diesel have either been implemented or are under execution. Increased profitableness and better quality of merchandises has led to a figure of refineries being taking up surveies to analyze their existing constellations and suggest options for the optimisation of rough oil mix and the processing constellation. Coevals of power or integrating with petrochemicals production is farther adding value to the refinery operations and these are being reviewed really earnestly. All this has led to the transmutation of the Indian refineries and the procedure of alteration still continues and the demands of conservationists going more rigorous, the constellations will go on to germinate. The factors driving the alterations in the refinement scenario are a combination of: aˆ? Minimization of residues aˆ? Maximization of value added merchandises aˆ? Improved merchandise quality aˆ? Maximum use of bing assets aˆ? Environmental judicial admissions Refineries in India are already major exporters of petro merchandises. India is mostly importing the rancid assortment of petroleum from Arab because the overall basket is much cheaper than Brent petroleums. Environmental criterions in India are besides allowing higher sulfur content in gasoline and Diesel.2.0 OIL & A ; GAS SECTOR REFORMSRefinery sector was delicensed in 1998New Exploration Licensing Policy ( NELP ) announced by Govt. in 1999. Administered Pricing Mechanism ( APM ) was dismantled from April 2002. Selling of conveyance fuels like Petrol, Diesel & A ; Aviation Fuel is a permitted topic to run into minimal investing of about US $ 0.44 billion in oil and gas sector. 100 % FDI is permitted in Exploration, Refining, Pipelines for both crude oil merchandises & A ; gas and Selling. Planing Commission study on Integrated Energy Policy in August 2006 Oil and gas is expected to be the cardinal drivers of the energy ingestion growing. Faster geographic expedition of full domestic sedimentary basins to augment domestic handiness of oil and gas Improvement in oil and gas recovery degrees Acquisition of equity oil and gas abroad Exploitation of alternate fuel beginnings such as CBM, Gas Hydrates, Hydrogen fuel cell and blending of bio-fuels Care of strategic militias in oil and crude oil In the last few old ages, the Indian refinery sector has witnessed uninterrupted capacity add-onsIndia: Refining CapacityGet downing with the 2003 to 2009, there is immense capacity add-on in the private sector refineries i.e. from27 mmtpa in 2003 to 72.5 mmtpa in 2009, demoing 168 % addition in the capacity add-on, and a just sum of capacity add-on in the populace sector refineries get downing from 89.9 mmtpa n 2003 to stagnancy in the back-to-back two old ages 2004 and 2005 and smaller balls of add-on in the farther old ages, in 2006 entire private sector refinery capacity amounted to 99.4 mmtpa and in 2007 and 2009 105.5 mmtpa. Harmonizing to the XIth twelvemonth program the capacity add-on in the 2012 is targeted to be 235 mmtpa representing 76 mmtpa from private refineries and 159 mmtpa from public refineries, and 302 mmtpa targeted in 2013, with metameric capacities as 202 mmtpa from public refineries and 100 mmtpa from private refineries.3.0 REFINERY PRODUCTION PROCESSRefinery Production ProcessesRefineries typically consist of a figure of parallel and consecutive procedures used to transform rough oil into a scope of concluding merchandises such as gasolene, Diesel, and asphalt. Modern refineries range from the simple to the really complex, though the tendency is towards increased complexness as the demands for higher-quality concluding merchandises addition. In all refineries, including smaller simple refineries, rough oil is foremost distilled into its basic constituents ; these component watercourses are sent for farther transition in the more complex refineries. The most of import distillment proce dures are the rough distillment, and vacuity distillment. Secondary transition processes by and large use thermal or catalytic procedures to farther change over the oil watercourse from distillment. Among the most of import is the catalytic reformist, where the heavy naphtha, produced in the rough distillment unit, is converted to gasolene ; the fluid catalytic cracker ( FCC ) where the gas oil from the vacuity distillment unit is converted ; and the hydrocrackers, which is used to â€Å" check † the molecules of heavy oil watercourses into lighter merchandises such as gas oil. Refineries by and large include process units such as hydro-treaters or hydro-de-sulfurizers to handle merchandises to better their quality. Ancillary units back uping the chief procedure units include rough desalters ( anterior to distillment ) , hydrogen production, non-energy merchandise units ( asphalt, lubricators ) and public-service corporations ( power and steam ) .Flowchart of a Typical Complex RefineryBeginning: Worrell and Galitsky, forthcoming.3.1 ProcedureCracking Treatment Reforming Hydro-treating Polishing Alkylation3.1.1 Crack:Cracking unit consists of one or more tall, thick, bullet-shaped reactors & A ; web of furnaces, heat money changers & A ; other vass. Procedure uses heat & A ; force per unit area to â€Å" check † heavy hydrocarbon molecules into lighter 1s. Fluid catalytic snap Unit ( FCCU ) A or â€Å" cat snap † It ‘s the basic gasoline-making procedure. FCCU converts most comparatively heavy fractions into smaller gasolene molecules utilizing intense heat ( 1,000 deg F ) , low force per unit area & A ; powdered accelerator for speed uping chemical reactions. Hydro snap: A Procedure applies checking rules utilizing different accelerator, somewhat lower temperatures, much greater force per unit area & A ; H for obtaining chemical reactions. Not all refineries employ hydro snap. Cost-effectively converts medium- to heavyweight gas oils into high-value watercourses Catalytic Crack: Very of import procedure in modern refinement. Procedure allows transition of stuff that would usually be burned as fuel ( vacuity gas oil ) into gasolene and distillation ( heating oil & A ; diesel fuel ) . Price difference between residuary fuel oil & A ; gasolene justifies CRU. Typically this procedure yields 50-60 % gasolene, 20-30 % distillation & A ; 30 % butanes3.1.23.1.3 REFORMING:Catalytic Reforming It uses heat, moderate force per unit area & A ; accelerators to turn naphtha ( light, comparatively low-value fraction ) into high-octane gasolene constituents.3.1.4 HYDRO-TREATING:It ‘s a Purifying procedure for sulfur remotion by responding crude oil fraction with H ( which is obtained from CRU or separate H works ) .3.1.5 Refining:Fine-tuning & A ; otherwise bettering merchandises to run into specifications by uniting assortment of watercourses from treating units. Example, in order to do gasolene, refiner would blend naphtha, reformate, catalytic gasolene, alkylate & A ; butane so that mixture has required octane figure, vapor force per unit area, sulfur degree & A ; aromatics content. Unit of measurements for public presentation additives & A ; dyes to separate assorted classs of fuel.3.1.6 ALKYLATION:Iso-butane ( gaseous by-products of checking ) is reacted with either isobutylene or propene to organize complex paraffinA isomers. Chemical reactions take topographic point in presence of hydrofluoric or sulphuric acid accelerators. By combing these molecules octane degree of paraffin isomer or alkylate is increased to around 93-96 octane. Refiners use this procedure to better octane degree of gasolene pool. The liquid signifier of mixture of hydrocarbons is known as Crude oil, dwelling of six parts of C and one portion of H as chemical compounds, carring little sums of sulfur, metals, salts, O and N. The organic compounds which are accumulated under the sea and trapped in sedimentary stones constitute to their formation. These stones are the topographic points where petroleum oil geographic expedition is concentrated. The oil is under force per unit area and if a pipe is pushed into the rig trap, oil flushs out smartly. With the extraction, the force per unit area is diminished, is so unnaturally reinforced by the injection of air or H2O into the reservoir to keep the force per unit area of the rig and force the oil up to the surface. Crude oil constituting of hydrocarbons that are holding variable boiling points so can be sepaprated through the procedure of refinement. â€Å" Refining is a procedure in which rough oil is heated in a vacuity until it evaporates and so allowed to lift up a column. Hydrocarbons liquefy at different temperatures and therefore can be collected at different highs in the distillment column. † Merchandises, with their approximate boiling points are: Petroleum gas ( & lt ; 90 °C ) Naphtha ( 200-350 °C ) ( it is used to do the additives for high-octane based gasoline, and polymeric plastics and carbamide ) Petrol ( 90-200 °C ) ( used to fuel internal burning engines, chiefly vehicular. ) Kerosene ( 350-450 °C ) ( used as an illuminant and cooking fuel in India and other hapless states, and as a infinite heating fuel in industrial states. ) Diesel ( 200 °C ) High velocity Diesel ( It is largely used in diesel-powered vehicles ) Light Diesel ( It is used in diesel engines running at lower velocity chiefly irrigation pumps and coevals sets ) Lubricant ( 650-1000 °C ) ( consists of lubricating oils and syrupy oils used to lubricate traveling parts in industry, cars, railroad engines and passenger cars and marine engines. Furnace oil ( & gt ; 1000 °C ) ( made by thining residuary fuel oil from polishing with in-between distillations such as diesel oil. It is used in boilers, sand traps, furnaces and warmers. LSHS – Low sulfur heavy stock is variant for furnace oil. ) Solid crude oil coke collected at the underside after the liquid fractions are removed. Which are largely used as fuel, but is besides used to do electrodes and dry cell batteries. The proportion of aggregation of these merchandises may change from rough assortment to crude assortment, which are classified as Sweet or sour.3.2 REFINERY ECONOMICSThe refinery economic sciences can be divided into no. of parts such as: Crude slates Refinery constellation Merchandise slates Capacity use Environmental judicial admissions3.2.1 CRUDE Slates:Crude oils have different outputs depending on natural qualities ( denseness measured as API gravitation & A ; sulphur content ) Low API gravitation implies Heavy petroleum oil Typically higher sulfur content makes crude rancid Outputs of automotive fuels with lower octane & A ; Cetane values doing engine knocking & A ; higher emanations Larger output of lower-valued merchandises, like FO ( available at price reduction to crude oil ) Higher investings in secondary processing installations to better outputs to fit merchandise specifications Lower on Refiners penchant & A ; hence price reduction to sweet petroleum High API gravitation sweet petroleum is on diminution & A ; commands premium over rancid petroleums. Costss & A ; payback periods for refinery treating units must be weighed against awaited rough oil costs & A ; projected derived function between visible radiation and heavy petroleum oil monetary values. Crude mix processed by Indian refineries ( PSU ) 52 % high sulfur and 48 % low sulfur petroleum. GRMs ‘ of Indian refineries ( PSU ) soon around USD 6-7/ Bbl while that of private refineries around US $ 10 per barrel3.2.2 REFINERY CONFIGRATIONS:Refiner ‘s pick of petroleum oil is influenced by the type of refinery processing units- Exceeding works ( dwelling of ) CDU & A ; likely Catalytic Reformer to supply octane Outputs from this works closely reflect natural outputs from petroleum processed Typically merely condensates or light sweet petroleum is processed at this type of installation unless markets for heavy fuel oil ( HFO ) are readily & A ; economically available Asphalt workss are exceeding refineries that run heavy petroleum oil because lone involvement is in bring forthing asphalt/ bitumen Cracking refinery Takes gas oil part from CDU ( a watercourse heavier than Diesel fuel, but lighter than HFO ) & A ; breaks it down further into gasolene & A ; distillate constituents utilizing accelerators, high temperature/ force per unit area Coking refinery Procedures residuary fuel, heaviest stuff from CDU & A ; thermally cracks it into lighter merchandises in Coker or Hydrocracker Addition of FCCU or hydro cracker significantly increases output of higher-valued merchandises, like gasolene & A ; diesel oil, leting processing of cheaper, heavier petroleum while bring forthing an equivalent or greater volume of high-valued merchandises Refineries holding big hydro-treating capableness have ability to treat rough oil with higher sulfur content.3.2.3 PRODUCT Slate:Refinery constellation is influenced by merchandise demand in each part. US demand for gasolene is much larger than distillate demand & A ; therefore refineries configured to maximise gasolene production Gasoline gross revenues account about 50 % of demand while distillate gross revenues account less than 30 % of merchandise demand US refineries are configured to treat big per centum of heavy, high sulfur petroleum, produce more of gasolene & A ; lower of HFO US refineries have invested in more complex refinery constellations, which allow usage of cheaper feedstock & A ; higher processing capableness Indian Refineries merchandise slate ( wt % on petroleum ) norms Light & A ; Middle distillates to heavy terminals ratio of 73:27 with maximal portion of Diesel oil.3.2.4 CAPACITY UTILIZATION:Critical constituent of refinement economic sciences is capacity use rate, or how expeditiously the refinement composite is runing in order to retrieve its fixed costs. Spare capacity consequences in increased competition among refiners, which farther eroded refinement borders. Use rate of about 95 % is considered optimal as it allows for normal unopen downs required for care & A ; seasonal accommodations. Refinery capacity is based on designed size of CDU ( frequently referred to as nameplate capacity ) Occasionally, through ascents or de-bottlenecking processs, refineries can treat more petroleum than nameplate capacity for short periods of clip.4.0 Refining CHALLENGECrude Sourcing/Oil SecurityPotential of Crude available is rather less from bing Fieldss in Middle East, Africa and South American states to back up polishing capacity enlargement and sustain capacity use. To increase the potency of handiness of petroleum certain attempts have been made which are: – Attractive New Exploration Licensing Policy ( NELP ) aˆ? 206 oil & A ; gas geographic expedition blocks awarded in 7 unit of ammunitions aˆ? 68 major finds reported aˆ? Investment committednesss of the order of $ 10 billion aˆ? Huge Unexplored land area aˆ? World ‘s biggest deep H2O gas find made in 2002 ( K-G Basin ) – India Hydrocarbon Vision – 2025 aˆ? 100 % geographic expedition coverage of all sedimentary basins by 2025 aˆ? Internationally competitory financial footings aˆ? Alternate beginnings: CBM and Gas HydratesOil Security: Strategic StorageThe oil security is the up step of Storage & A ; Supply Infrastructure. And for this certain things have been taken into history: – Integrated Energy Policy recommended 90 yearss storage of oil imports – Present storage coverage is 74 yearss and will cut down to 63 yearss with addition in the oil imports – Storage capacity augmentation actions have been taken to heighten the entire storage capacity to 78 yearss. – Planned capacity add-on: 8.62 MMT aˆ? 5.33 MMT by ISPRL at Vizag, Mangalore and Padur aˆ? 3.29 MMT at other locations – Strategic storage to supply addl. 12 yearss screenRefinery Configuration/ ComplexityChanging the Feed stocks would diminish the input costof the refineries by: aˆ?Changing the Quality – 0API / Sulfur / Acidity aˆ? Widening of petroleum basket aˆ? Compulsion to co-process feed-stocks of Bio-origin Following Product Mix Improvement aˆ? Turning demand with rigorous merchandise eyeglasses. aˆ? Switching the regional demand aˆ? Large figure of classs aˆ? Upgradation of low value/surplus merchandises – Naphtha to Petrochemicals – Black Oil to Distillates – Pet Coke to PetrochemicalsEnergy Efficiency Improvementaˆ? Energy efficiency can be betterment by usage of – Energy efficient technologies/designs – Energy efficient equipments – Best operation and care patterns aˆ? GHG emanation decrease through energy efficiency betterment aˆ? Close monitoring and timely actions bridge the spread in specific energy ingestion to fit with the planetary best aˆ? Tools applied are: Pinch Technology, Hydrogen Management, Waste Heat Recovery, Steam Power balance ( CogenerationCycle ) aˆ? Increased use of gas in topographic point of conventional liquid fuel5.0 Demand FOR PETROLEUM PRODUCTSThe demand of crude oil merchandises is related to the energy demand of the state, it is a map of degree of activity measured as GDP. India is soon traveling through the major industrial and economic reforms for the intent of incorporating the Indian economic system with the planetary economic system. The major countries of focal point has been identified as hydrocarbons. Policy alterations are planned for the sector to do the industry globally competitory. The reforms bundle are formed and expected to hold high economic growing in the sector, the demand of crude oil based merchandises is expected to turn at a rate of about 7 % .Wide spreads between merchandise demand and autochthonal petroleum handinessWidening spread between merchandise demand and rough production from autochthonal beginnings leads to heavy dependance on Imports. Oil Equity abroad and fresh discoveries under New Exploration & A ; Licensing Policy are assisting to bridge the spread between demand and autochthonal production. There is a demand for immense investings in refinement, grapevines & A ; Marketing substructure5.1 India: PRODUCT DEMAND & amp ; REFINING CAPACITYHarmonizing to the informations provided IOCL: Excess refinement capacity is expected to increase farther by 2030 India will go on to be merchandise excess Import/Export demand for crude/products to be rather significant6.0 OpportunityThe creative activity of extra refinement capacity of about 110 million tones per annum, an investing of about US $ 22 billion will be required, in the close hereafter. With such a phenomenal growing in the sector, so, ample chances and Scopess are at that place for transportation of the engineerings. The engineerings are required for the upgradation of the bottom barrel and run intoing the predominant demands of in-between distillations and bettering the quality of merchandises that make them environment-friendly and globally competitory. New refineries are located at the seashores while the major Centres, which are for the demand of crude oil merchandises are present in the inland topographic points, largely in North/North-West parts. Therefore, the chances for edifice inland refineries in the state are bing. In the field of petro-chemicals forward integrating is besides allowed for the refineries, which are for the merchandises which are better value-addition and environmental friendly, that will open another country for the investings to happen. India holding a strong committedness to prosecute an energy policy and the environmental factors would be taken into consideration. State is following more environmental friendly steps with respects to the use and the quality of fuels. Decrease of lead and benzine in gasolene, decrease of sulfur and betterment of cetane in Diesel are the major steps that are under execution. Such a quality of upgradation of fuels will necessitate the acceptance of latest engineering, which are bound to incure immense investings of around $ 2500 million.India ‘s advantagesIndia holding a immense modesty of trained and extremely skilled work force at a much lower cost as compared to some of the advanced states. Further, a big population base exists and really low per capita ingestion of crude oil merchandises is predominating, India is one of the fast emerging markets. The state has acquired tremendous experience in the field of installing and efficient operation of crude oil refineries from the past 35 old ages. Therefore, the operating cost will be lower as compared to other states and the value-addition in Indian refineries is of a really high order and that the puting up of refineries in India for the domestic market every bit good as for exports would be economically attractive.India as an international refinement finish and emerging Asian refinement hubIndia is poised to be ‘Asian Refining Hub ‘ due to built-in advantages in its economic system, geographic location, altering demographics, locality to high demand Centre of South East Asia and assorted other factors. India has been frontward looking in its thought and the full growing of Indian Refining Sector can be summed up in four distinguishable stages, namelyA A Early stage A A A A ( 1947 – 1969 ) , Development PhaseA A A ( 1970 – 1990 ) , Economic Liberalisation PhaseA ( 1991 – 2005 ) Mega Refining Hub Phase A ( 2006 onwards ) India is steadily emerging as an international finish for oil refinement with investing demands lesser by 25 % – 50 % as compared to its Asiatic opposite numbers. As per the analysis carried out by Deutsche Bank, India is expected to heighten its refinement competency by 45 % in the following 5 old ages. Bing the fifth biggest worldwide state in context of distillment capacity, India enjoys 3 % of the international capacity portion. To travel in front in doing its presence felt strongly in the planetary market, Indian crude oil houses are be aftering to raise their distillment capacity from the bing 149 mtpa to 243 mtpa by FY 2011-12. Cost fight Cost fight driven by lower fabrication rewards Low capital and hard currency operating costs Entree to big, technically skilled fabrication base and work force Autochthonal procuranceBeginning: A T KearneyStrategic location for petroleum sourcing and merchandise exportAdvantage of Economies of graduated table in big scale undertakings, along with experient and competitory building companies. The Autochthonal procurance sets a platform for cost effectual direction. Readily available accomplishment set for puting up and runing refineries with favorite substructure State of the art engineering being adopted for puting up and upgrading refineries with petroleum processing flexibleness and optimized merchandise slate and quality. Tax holidays/SEZs/PCPIRs offer first-class financial government. The Large domestic market every bit good as turning petrochemical industry has offered the following cardinal growing: Soon over 34,500 Retail Mercantile establishments ( IOC over 17,000 ) Crude grapevine – 3987 Km ( 34.5 MMTPA ) , merchandise grapevine 9454Km ( 55.09 MMTPA ) Politician installations at 14 ports locations: 39 positions, 2 flatboat breakwaters, 8 SPMs Increasing figure of participants in spread outing downstream sector Robust refinement borders Lowest capex/opex Downstream regulator in topographic point Low per capita oil ingestion at 111 kgoe

Case Study – Dubai Police Department

| Communication Barriers in DUBAI Police Department| Case Study| | | | | Contents CASE STUDY3 Introduction5 Summary6 Key Issues Highlighted7 Key Issues Analysis8 Steps Taken to Resolve the Problem10 Benefits & Drawbacks10 Conclusion10 Recommendations11 References12 CASE STUDY: Communication Barriers in DUBAI Police Department Dubai Police Department is an integral part of the Dubai Police Force. Dubai Police Department was established on 1st June 1956. There are more than fifteen thousand employees working under the Dubai Police Force across Dubai City. The General Department of Administrative Affairs is one of the most appreciated and admired security establishments under the Dubai Police Department. The GDAA is a link between the Dubai Police Headquarters, General Departments, and Police Stations on one hand, and the Federal Ministers; Government Departments and the private sectors on the other hand. The Department offers legal consultations; preparation of statistical and cognitive studies, data collection and analysis, preparation of annual reports, and managing medical and travel services record of Dubai Police Force Employees. One day Mr. Kabir came to work and became furious when he was rebuked by his senior Mr. Abdul for the reason that the receptionist, Miss Ann who is responsible for the centralized communication in the department has miss communicated some information to Mr. Kabir. Mr. Abdul is the General of the GDAA (The General Department of Administrative Affairs) organization under the Dubai Police Department. Mr. Kabir is a 32 year old Deputy in The General Department of Administrative Affairs. He is responsible for supervising and managing all the activities in the department. Kabir tries his best to keep up with the administrative issues in the police department. The present communication system prevailing in the Department is the verbal communication system which takes over the phone. The message is conveyed from the receptionist to the receiver by telephone. If the receiver is not available to attend the calls, the receptionist is responsible for making a note of the information and surpassing the information to the concerned receiver of the calls. Kabir got frustrated and got notion to put in the modern digital system for effective communication across the department. He acquired all the officers’ acceptance for the program. The system was responsible for facilitating the services like electronic transfer of calls, calls recovery, messages recovery, auto answering options etc. Miss Ann was trained and made responsible to supervise and manage the efficient functioning of the digital communication system in the department. In the month – end meeting of the officers of the department, Ann declared that the efficiency of the department had increased due to the increase in accessibility of the information hub which was made possible with the help of the technological integration in the department. The personnel no longer felt the need to depend on the receptionist to access the information required. Moreover the communication between people also improved and the updates could be gathered faster. (Call Express Case Study) Introduction The public administration of any country or region is responsible for the effectiveness in the overall functioning of the governmental departments and agencies. Department of Police (About US) is designated so as to practice the laws and by making legitimized use of force. The Police Services are defined in a legal area of responsibility. The Dubai Police Department is a ell established and admired body within the public administration of the country and is chaired by the ruler – Sheikh Mohammad Bin Rashid Al-Maktoum. Bearing this in mind, one of the key public administration departments pertains to the maintenance of law and order and ensuring implementation of the law in the region. The General Department of Administrative Affairs (Organi zational Chart) is a department under the Department of Police is responsible for the connection with the Police Headquarters and other Police High Authority Departments encompasses Federal Ministers, Government Departments, and other private sector bodies. The department carries different operational activities such as legal consultations, preparation of statistical studies, data collection and analysis, preparation of reports and other management and administrative tasks. The case pertains to The General Department of the Administrative Affairs of the Dubai Police Department and highlights the problems in the communication channels which existed in the department. The key issue was with the retrieval and access to the messages which had to be accessed through a receptionist. This study will aim at analyzing the issue and the outcome of this issue on the department. The case is focused on the existence of improper channels in the Department which was affecting the effectiveness of the department’s administration. Communication assumes utmost importance in this regard as live updates and information need to be conveyed to the various personnel involved in the department’s activities. Summary: The rationale of the case study is to exemplify the communication system in The General Department of Administrative Affairs of the Dubai Police Department. The case throws light up on the troubles faced by the officers owing to the old and traditional verbal communication system prevailing in the department. The information and messages flow is inappropriate disturbing the operational and administrative flow in the department. The verbal communication system is centralized, one receptionist looking after all the calls and messages flows to the respective receivers in the department. This made the Deputy to think for changing and implementing the new and contemporary digital system in the department. The installation of this digital system ensures the effective and efficient communication by conquering the problems and challenges arising with the Department of Police, Dubai. The new program of communication system resulted in the operational effectiveness along with the improvement in the operational efficiency. Besides, there were many other drawbacks that came into picture by the communication officer Ann, who was the former receptionist in the police department during the review of the communication system, was done by the office associates under the supervision of Mr. Abdul, the General of the department. In the next part of the case study analysis of the Dubai Police Department, the key points will be highlighted together with the examination of its consequences and the action steps taken by the company to conquer the problems. Key Issues Highlighted: This case is focused upon the key issues related to the communication channel existing in the department with respect to the retrieval of information available with the receptionist and dependency on the receptionist for accessing the information that is present with her. The issues pertain to the information which is collected by the receptionist. This information is provided by the people and could either be a complaint or a call for help or intimation about any emergency situations. It could also include personal calls or messages for the people in the department. This information could be accessed only when the receptionist was present and the conveyance of the information over the telephone line meant that the line was kept busy and this was responsible for the callers to deter from providing information which could prove useful for the department. Moreover the personnel often wanted to access the information after their duty hours were over, but this was not made possible as the absence of the receptionist meant that data could not be retrieved until such time till the receptionist returned. These issues pertaining to communication within the department are highlighted in this case study – * Communication channel which existed in the department. * Various flaws associated in the existing communication channel. * Effect of the inefficient communication channel on the administration of the department. Identifying the reasons for the problems which are evident in the communication channel. Key Issues Analysis: 1. Communication Channel – The Communication Channel prevailing in The General Department of Administrative Affairs of the Department of Police is the combination of â€Å"verbal† and â€Å"non verbal† communication system. The communication system is the system which includes the interaction bet ween the people. The communication is established between the sender and the receiver by making use of the sound and language to convey the message to the receiver. The communication is used to express the ideas, desires, concepts and requirements. The verbal communication is therefore significant for the exchange of expressions and gestures between two or more persons. The verbal communication system is an old and traditional system for communication in public administrative organization where one single receptionist is responsible for the transferring of calls and messages along with the retrieval of information. The system is not spirited enough to cope up with the demands of the modern scenario of the public administrations, especially the Police Department where the number of workforce is increasing day by day, thus resulting in the increase of the administration activities. Today, the communication systems widespread in the administrations are faster and easier and are modern and technical systems mostly referred as the non verbal communication system. (Hanes, 2010) 2. Failure of the Communication System – There are various flaws associated with the current communication system or channel prevailing in the department resulting in the failure of the system and giving birth to number of problems in the department when the messages and calls are transferred from the receptionist to the concerned officer in the department. They are – * Misunderstandings. Different Perceptions of the People * Ineffective Communication Techniques * Language Barriers * Subjective Opinions of the Persons (Hanes, Problems in Communication , 2010) 3. Effect of the Communication System – The communication system prevailing in The General Department of Administrative Affairs fails to clinch the success as the system or the channel is centralized and outmoded. T he communication system moves around one single receptionist who is responsible to transfer the calls and messages to the officers in their respective departments. She was also made responsible to retrieve the messages in the absence of any receiver. This is an old and slow process of communication giving room for number of mistakes. This resulted in the miscommunication of the data and information and therefore resulting in the misappropriation of tasks and responsibilities. At times, this fallout in the scolding and admonishments to the officers from the Deputy General of the department. 4. Reasons for the flaws in Communication Channel – There can be many reasons that affect the communication system in the organization. With reference to the case study of the public administration’s Dubai Police Department, there is a centralized communication system. The department makes use of both the verbal as well as the non verbal communication system. They made use of the internet, fax machines, printers, telephones, e-mails as the mode of communication in the department. The working of the centralized communication system revolves around the receptionist of the department who is made responsible for the transfer of calls, messages to the receiver. This is the major fault in the department. Depending on a single receptionist for carrying out the communication system will undoubtedly give room for the mistakes and human errors. The errors and defects would have generated in the communication system certainly. Steps Taken to Resolve the Problem The Deputy of The General Department of Administrative Affairs came to the action plan to resolve the problem of communication system or channel in the department. The Deputy had taken step of installing the new and contemporary digital system for communication in the department. The step was taken by the Deputy as the Department was grappling around the problems of communication. The new digital system was installed in the department with the aim to eradicate all the problems associated with the prevailing communication channel. The receptionist was made the communication officer of the department and was assigned the responsibility of managing the new communication system. The communication officer who was the former receptionist of the department was also accountable to the higher uthorities to provide them the feedback of the new system by keeping the review on the system. The new system installed ensured the faster and effective communication across the department of the administrative affairs under the police department of Dubai. Benefits & Drawbacks Eventually, the new digital system was installed in the department. This resulted in the eradication of the problems due to the different benefits associated with it and they are – (a) New and modern system (b) Communication is possible in a large workforce c) Easy to use (d) Fast and prompt to use (e) Offers indifferent unique add on. Besides this, there are also some drawbacks associated with the Digital System and that pertains to the Information Richness which is passed between the receiver and the sender or any and they are as follows – (a) Lengthy Conversations are difficult with the new system. (b) The Particulars of the messages are missed. (c) Lot of Repetitions is required. (d) Less influential and cannot be used everywhere in all the functions of the department. e) Not everybody in the organization prefers to communicate via digital system of communication. (f) Cannot create impression upon the people or the listeners involved in the communication. Conclusion This case study helped to highlight and evaluate an important administrative tool, i. e. communication. Communication is a crucial aspect of public administration and the evaluation of the case of the Dub ai Police Department in its Department of Administrative Affairs and proved useful in the examination of this aspect of administration and its implications in real time scenarios. The discussions in the case study has proved that how much a proper and systematic communication channel is required in any of the organization to perform various functions in the department. The Case had also focused upon how much is the operational effectiveness of any organization is affecting due to the improper functioning of only one of the system in the organization. Indeed, the Case Study aimed to identify the significance of the proper and friendly communication channels entails in any of the public administration. Recommendations: With reference to the case study, I would like to give my personal recommendations for the improvement of the communication channels and programs in the organization. Several Steps can be taken by the Public Administration Authorities to improve the communication systems in the department. The Recommendations pertaining to the Department of Police are as follows – * An Organized System for Communication should be followed which should be completely formal system. This will provide a solution for the structural and operational problems with respect to the operational concerns. All the elements of the Communication mix should be properly managed during the implementation of the programs and systems. A certain problem is recognized which is referred as the Time Wasting Potential. This should be eradicated by making use of SOP Program used for the development of the overall communication systems and programs in the organization. (Kuhne, 2004) In addition to the above recommendatio ns, I would like to suggest the communication officer of the Dubai Police Department to switch to the upgraded versions of the digital systems of the communication system once the department gets used to it. This will ensure more upgraded and advanced services to carry out the communication services across the department. It provides unique services like – (a) VOIP telephone systems (b) Consultation of the Factory Certified Technicians (c) Loud Speaker Paging System (d) Remote Teleworker Set up (e) Relocation Services (f) Adds, moves and changes Other departments in the Public Administration of Dubai can also make use of such modes of systems of communication within their departments. References 1. About US. (n. d. . Retrieved November 1, 2011, from www. dubaipolice. gov. ae: http://www. dubaipolice. gov. ae/dp/jsps/content/flat-content. do? contentCode=69908 2. Call Express Case Study. (n. d. ). Retrieved November 1, 2011, from www. avst. com: http://www. avst. com/case_study/Dubai_Police_Promote_Community_Outreach_with_AVST_CallXpress .asp 3. Hanes, T. (2010). Problems in Communication . Retrieved November 1, 2011, from www. livestrong. com: http://www. livestrong. com/article/1 58524-problems-in-verbal-communication/ 4. Hanes, T. (2010). What is Verbal Communication. Retrieved November 1, 2011, from www. livestrong. com: http://www. livestrong. com/article/150573-what-is-verbal-communication/ 5. Kuhne, M. (2004). Communication Channels. Retrieved November 1, 2011, from www. ibisassoc. co. uk: www. ibisassoc. co. uk/articles/Article16. doc 6. Organizational Chart. (n. d. ). Retrieved November 1, 2011, from www. dubaipolice. gov. ae: http://www. dubaipolice. gov. ae/dp/jsps/content/flat-content. do? contentCode=orgn13

Solving Mathematical Problems Math Problem Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Solving Mathematical Problems - Math Problem Example At the top of my diagram I had colored five colored dots represent each person in the room. The first person was the red dot. The first person can't shake hands with himself but can shake hands with everyone else. So under the red dot I put a blue dot, a green dot, a yellow dot, and a purple dot. The second person can't shake hands with themselves and already shook hands with the first person. Under the blue dot I put a green dot, a yellow dot, and a purple dot. The third person can't shake hands with themselves and they already shook hands with the first two people. I put a yellow dot and a purple dot under the green dot. The fourth person can't shake hands with themselves and they already shook hands with the first three people, so I only put a purple dot under the yellow dot. Now the fifth person shook hands with everyone, so I didn't put any dots under the purple dot. I counted the dots in each column under the 5 dots on top and added them together to get a total of 10 handshakes . This is what my diagram looked like. After I made this diagram I noticed a pattern. When there were five people in the room I added up all the numbers under 5, so it was 4+3+2+1. When there were six people in the room I added up all the numbers less than 6, so it was 5+4+3+2+1. ... I used this rule to see how many handshakes there would be with even more people. By looking at all these numbers I noticed a shortcut. Every time you go to find the number of handshakes for one more person in a room, you just add one less than the total number of people to the previous total number of handshakes. Using this rule to find the number of handshakes for 14 people you can add 13 to 78, which is 91. That's a lot easier than adding 13+12+11+10+9 and so on all over again. Another pattern I noticed is that the number of handshakes for 5 people was 5 times 2, the number of handshakes for 6 people was 6 times 2.5, the number of handshakes for 7 people was 7 times 3, and the number to be multiplied kept increasing by half. To find out how many handshakes would happen in a room with 100 people, maybe I could use this rule to see what number I should multiply 100 by, instead of adding 100+99+98+97 and so on all the way down to 1. I started another table to see what number I needed to multiply 100 by. Once I got to 21 I saw from the numbers in the table that you can get the number to multiply by subtracting one from the number of people then dividing by two. For 100 people in the room, then, you can subtract 1, which is 99, then divide by 2, which is 49.5. This means that to see how many handshakes would happen in a room of 100 people you just have to multiply 100 times 49.5. The total number of handshakes is 4950. Even though patterns make things a lot easier, they aren't good if they aren't accurate. To make sure my rule was right I used a calculator to add 99+98+97+96 and so on all the way down to 1. Sure enough, it added up to 4950.

Measure for measure Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Measure for measure - Essay Example According to the law, he decides to slay Claudio for illegally having sex with Juliet. Juliet and Claudio were already married but due to some problems they didn’t have a registered marriage. Isabella, Claudio’s sister, was aware that his brother was married to Juliet so she went to the duke (Angelo) to plead him for his brother’s life. Angelo placed a condition for sparing her brother’s life that she will have sex with him. Isabella, being a chaste lady, was shocked and refused the offer. She was dejected and was going home when she was faced by friar (vincento) and told him the whole story. Friar made a plan to safe Claudio. The plan was to send Mariana, Angelo’s fiance, instead of Isabella. Mariana was Angelo’s fiance but they weren’t married because Mariana’s dowry was lost in the sea. According to the plan angelo will have sex with mariana instead of Isabella which he did. Then he ordered the release of Claudio. Soon angelo got to know that he has been played with and he imprisoned mariana and Isabella. According to the law if angelo and mariana had sex then there marriage will be completed. When angelo got to know about this he imprisoned mariana and Isabella. Then he summoned friar in the court. He then blamed friar for all this and sentenced him. At that time friar showed his true appearance. The people then came to know that angelo was a corrupt duke.

How valid is this assessment of the july plot of 1944 The plotters Essay

How valid is this assessment of the july plot of 1944 The plotters were not courageous men whose purpose was honourable but reckless men who acted out of their own self interest - Essay Example Gisevius (1998) describes the situation in Germany, under Nazi control in that period, as a nation whose leaders felt â€Å"only in terms of violence.† He further explains: How easily naked violence is spread & practiced! We can observe this even more in the sub-leaders than in Hitler†¦ Party leaders and sub-leaders found themselves in positions of power beyond their wildest dreams†¦ They had no professional training. They knew nothing about the law. They did not trust the professional officialdom who worked under them. They simply dictated, in the firm conviction that their subjects would obey†¦ First, they conquered power. By means of power they achieved totality. Soon they tasted the pleasures of arbitrary rule. And then, swiftly, they plunged into excess†¦ (pp 101 & 102). Thus began the savage rule which was to become a canker sore in the mouth of not only Europe, but the entire world for years. It is also interesting to note that several moves had been made to overthrow Hitler even before the war began. Even though it seems clear, it is important, at this point, to insist that the plot of July 1944 was not just an attempt by a bunch of renegade army officers to kill Adolf Hitler and take over his government, but a truly patriotic and humanitarian move to liberate and distance the German nation from the vices of greed, hate, genocide and absolutism, all of which the Nazi government embodied. Germany was in the heart of the Second World War, and there was a wanton killing of Jews in German concentration camps all over Europe. â€Å"If the plot had succeeded, the war could have been shortened, the slaughter ended and the lives of millions of Jews saved† (Holocaust Educational Trust of Ireland). At the immediate conception of the plot, however, opposition to Hitler’s government was not military, but simply political. But by the mid 1930’s, several trade and political opposition groups, which existed or voiced their discontent with his

The Quit as a Uniter and Divider Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Quit as a Uniter and Divider - Essay Example It is this quilt, a symbol and historical accounting of the struggles, trial, and tribulations of black women in America, that divides the family, and illustrates Walker’s frustration with the desire by many modern women to break away from their past, and to devalue the true struggles and accomplishments of African-American women, within the context of a life filled with prejudice and hardship. As the modern and foreward-thinking daughter, Dee, visits home and her mother, Mama and sister, Maggie, Dee looks for and finds two quilts that Mama and her sister, Dicie, had worked on together and created. The bonds of sisterhood in the Jim Crowe South were of the utmost importance to survival, and quilts in general represent this bond and struggle for survival. Not only are they wonderful folk art, but are also representations--a visual accounting-- of the struggle for light in a darkened world. This marvelous history, chronicled in quilts, is one to be valued, and remembered, a test ament to a history filled with pride and struggles. It is clear in this short story that Mama and Maggie, still living in the homestead, and rooted in the culture of the South, value this history. Dee, on the other hand, is only in to visit, has married a man with a foreign religion, has eschewed her given name for an African name which Mama cannot even pronounce, and is filled with self-righteous indignation at the oppressive past of her family. In a way she wants to wear this past as a badge, but also move on from it at the same time. The quilt represents this struggle within Dee to have remnants from her family’s past, such as the quilt, but to also neatly fold it away in a drawer, and take it out when needed. Dee sees this history as something to be used and manipulated, while Mama and Maggie see it as something to be proud of, to use every day and to cover their bodies in warmth and the basic pride of remembrance. The tension in the story in manifested by the quilts and Dee’s desire to have them (Whitsett). Mama, had promised them to Maggie. Dee want the quilts, but Mama knows that Maggie deserves them more than Dee does. Although Maggie had not had the opportunities Dee has had in life, and is not as successful as Dee, Maggie represents a more traditional view of family, history, and struggles, that Dee, with all her worldliness and sophistication, cannot fathom. Dee becomes angry at Mama’s refusal to let her take what she wants from the house. Mama can sense that Dee will not treat the quilts with the requisite respect that Maggie would. The quilt is used to highlight the tension between Mama and Dee, and Dee and Maggie, in particular. Dee and Maggie have had a fractured relationship throughout their lives, and represent the struggle between modernism and traditionalism in the black community. Many want to wear their heritage like a trophy, take on African names, dress in African garb, to show their former â€Å"oppressors† t hat they are strong, powerful, and independent. This means moving on from the lifestyle that Mama and Maggie represent--one of traditional respect to their own family, and the strong women who led families and held the African American family together in difficult times. While Mama and Aunt Dicie were close sisters and created the beautiful quilts together, Maggie and Dee have no such relationship and barely talk, with little sisterhood or communication between them. Indeed, the more modern Dee looks down on Maggie and feels she can waltz in the house,

Environmental Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Environmental Analysis - Essay Example Marketing is the concluding approach used to endorse the selling strategy for products such as the iPhone 4s. Marketing has then been cleverly practiced at the company to encourage its business. With this understanding, this paper critically examines Apple Inc. and the application of PESTEL analysis. Introduction In any given business organization, management is something which should be done in the right manner possible, and this should be able to integrate all elements of management and functions as well. This becomes a defining application which has the capability of improving performance and ensuring that business goals have been realized within the shortest time possible. For instance, within any strategies of management, it should be appropriate to adopt a number of practices, theories and organizational adoptions which have the capability of improving performance of business organization. In this study, it would be necessary to understand the issue of leader and management and how they can be viewed and adopted towards ensuring that the greatest gains have been realized in the business organization. Different organizations have been able to come into terms with such approaches, and hence they have been in a position of realizing the greatest gains within their business operations. ... 38). This kind of leadership and organizational responsibility has been something very significant for the business, and as well has been able to bring a new wave of promotional engagement which has been seeing an improvement in the business engagement thus leading to the realization of business goals. Basically, Apple Corporation has been able to improve its business engagements, and hence becoming one of the best performing businesses in the economy of the country. There has also been an effective modality in decision making which has been vital towards the realization of business goals. Management and leadership ideologies have been adopted in the best manner thus leading to the realization of goals within the business (Wharam, 2009). In that sense, it should be worth noting that the best of gains in any business shall be only be in line with the kind of engagement of management and leadership which have been adopted in the business (Gill, 2006). It would thus be very appropriate to study the kind of engagements which have been adopted in this business and see how it has been able to become a perfect performer in the business. Management and Leadership: Apple Corporation At Apple, there has been the need of ensuring that all business engagements have been appropriately led and managed towards the realization of the best business goals. In that sense, it should be necessary to apply all management functions as this has the capability of ensuring that the best of gains have been realized in the operations of the business. However, there should be the need of understanding that there are a number of differences between management and leadership (Rost, 2004). In management, this is a wide conceptual

Effectiveness of Public Service Announcements Research Proposal

Effectiveness of Public Service Announcements - Research Proposal Example (Erica Weintraub Austina*, 2008) Kiakati believe that use of celebrities can have many benefits and advantages such as - (Anita Elberse, July 2011) Facilitating the identification of brand by consumers Changing the negativity associated with a brand Repositioning a brand Affecting the purchase intentions of the consumers. Celebrities are fickle in nature and although promotions through them may increase brand visibility it may also make your brand related to some negative characteristics. (Veer, Becirovic, & A.S.Martin, 2010) Public Service Announcements are designed to inform the audience about certain aspects or to induce certain behavior in them by the use of mass-media approaches. The important point in most of the public service announcements is that they are not trying to sell a product. They are trying to sell an idea or a belief system. A PSA which encourages people to use public transport system is trying to modify their behavior over a long period of time. Making a person b uy soap is entirely different from making him do a particular thing again and again. (Dan Werb1, 2011) We will try to analyze through this research how effective the use of popular celebrities or respected spokesperson is in creating the final attitude change in the target audience of the PSA. all celebrities responsible for just bringing in the crowd or can they help PSA in the same way they help the FMCGs. Consumers tend to copy their icons and use the products preferred by them ; will they also follow their lead in changing their attitudes towards a particular thing or is it too personal to be affected by a celebrity. We will analyze this particular aspect of PSAs in the research paper – How effective is the use of celebrities for bringing about the attitude change desired by PSAs. Literature review Some properties such as likeability of the celebrity , expertise , trustworthiness and similarity causes a celebrity endorser to become a cause of persuasive information to the audience and also ends up creating a sense of certainty and encourages the user to try the product or the service. Acceptance of a message by a receiver can be influenced by celebrity endorsers as people consider them to be believable sources of information about a product. The balance theory principles emphasize the creation of an emotional connect between the observer and the endorser. This emotional relationship also creates and emotional connect between the audience and the cause. Is this fact also true for a cause espoused by the PSAs? Will a celebrity help in creating an emotional connect of the user with the cause. McGuire (1998) has created a very effective input output matrix for creating effective public service announcements. Along the input axis are important aspect of the message such as source, message factors, channel factors, receiver factors and finally target behaviors at which the communication is aimed at. McGuire says that for the PSA to be effective; the targe t audience must have contact with it, must pay attention to it, like it, understand and learn from the content, agree with it, store the information presented by it and make decisions based on it. (Kang, Cappella, & Fishbein, sep 2009)

Constructing three chapters of proposal Dissertation

Constructing three chapters of proposal - Dissertation Example In 2011, a pipeline fire killed 100 people and seriously injured 120 in Nairobi. In 2010, a Pemex (Petroleos Mexicanos) pumping station in Central Mexico exploded, killing 27 and injuring 50 (Ellingwood, 2010). In 2006, a pipeline explosion in Nigeria killed up to 500 people (BBC News, 2006), but the fatalities in this incident are only second to the Ufa train disaster in Russia in 1989, where train sparks set off a gas leak from an LPG pipeline and killed 645 people (Observer-Reporter, 1989). Oil and gas accidents can have catastrophic results, all the more underscoring the importance of assessing the crisis management systems in this industry, and ascertaining whether or not these are within acceptable standards to ensure the protection of the public. 1.1 Background of the Study One of the more comprehensive and meticulous definitions of â€Å"crisis,† as it is conceived in business crisis management, is that of Fink (1986, quoted in Reid, 2000, p. 2), who states that  "A crisis is any situation that runs the risk of: 1. Escalating in intensity. 2. Falling under close media or government scrutiny. 3. Interfering with the normal operations of business. 4. Jeopardizing with the positive public image presently enjoyed by a company or its officers. 5. Damaging a company’s bottom line in any way.† Fink’s well-crafted enumeration of the attributes of a crisis situation noticeable lacks one element: that of being â€Å"unforeseen† or â€Å"unexpected.† This is a defining trait of a crisis for other authors (Hoff, 2001; Boi, 2005; Laws, Prideaux & Chon, 2007), but apparently not for Fink, whose definition focuses on the impacts rather than the causes of the crisis situation. In many instances, crises are so characterised not because they are unforeseen. Rather, they are foreseen (or at least foreseeable), but are historically and statistically deemed so unlikely to happen that precautionary and preventive measures against them are overlooked (Loveridge, 2009; Daft & Marcic, 2011). Warranting the necessity for the enhancement of crisis planning, prevention, assessment, and mitigation for the oil and gas industry are the deleterious effects of the 2010 BP oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico (Casale, 2010). Despite the serious harm to the environment and to livelihoods in the affected area, the potential closure of large oil and gas companies or the shutdown of their pipelines is a risk which major oil producers could not be take because of their critical role in the world economy (Omolara & Olayide, 2011; Kamal, 2012). The matter of oil and gas crisis management to ensure continuity, therefore, becomes an important area of study. Unfortunately, there are few academic studies which have addressed this area. Lee Clarke of Rutgers University underscored the fact that all most oil and gas companies have to rely on currently are what he calls â€Å"symbolic planning† and â€Å"fantasy documents† upon which crisis strategies are built (Morse, 2004). 1.2 Statement of the Problem In defining the research problem, it became apparent to this researcher that the threat of impending crises (i.e., crises that are unlikely, but may eventually happen) confront all organisations in varied ways. Consequently, all organizations need some

Drag Performance during the 1980's in NYC Research Paper - 1

Drag Performance during the 1980's in NYC - Research Paper Example Drag performance must be given deeper understanding to be able to see the superficial meaning and from this, we would understand the hidden structures of society. History of Drag Drag is originally used for clothing, significant and symbolic usually associated with the role of a certain gender when worn by the opposite gender. The term was originated Athens, Greece somewhere in the fourth century BCE, as a form of punishment across the streets. Drag is a symbolic word which does not simply means clothes. Men portrayal as women are manifested even way back thirteenth centuries when the church forbade females appearance on the stage and theaters. For hundreds of years, men are manifested to be dressing as women as a disguised to the opposite sex in theatrical presentations and stage shows. This has also been first traced back to the dawn of the theater as a sort of survival and since then, found to be manifested in all the corners of the world especially in Japan and in China. When the drag practices became popular in some parts of the world and accepted as a form of art among the men as drag artist, categories were defined according to professionalism in rendering drag artistry into the public. Kinds of drag artists like those who starred in movies vary professionalism. There are also called drag queens and mostly vary from their culture of their respective places. However, drag queens are always tagged as gay men or transgender but it is also relevant to say that there are also drag artist who do this for a reason considering the fact that they are a straight people or transvestites. Transvestites belong to different categories compared to drag queens who belong to the gay world, they are cross-dressers who generally straight men and were just dressing women’s dress for erotic reason. The appearance of the drag queen in print was first seen in 1941. Late 20th century defined the drag as an abbreviation of â€Å"dressed as girl† and as a counter pa rt, â€Å"drab† is the â€Å"dressed as boy† but this was never published and unrecorded. Drag is being practiced by people of all sexual orientations as well as gender identities. Charles Busch and Theater in Limbo Laying down some important information about Charles Busch, he is born in August 23, 1954 in New York, NY. Busch is an American, an actor and a playwright. Since he have started in the industry, he already achieved 25 stage appearances, 5 in films, 6 TV appearances and 26 stage plays. For around a longer period of time of Busch in the industry, in 1984 he was able to break the wall of competition and stand out among the rest in theater-in-Limbo. This was presented at the Limbo lounge at East Village’s. This was followed in the Avenue C and when the show hits a record as high, this was transferred to the Provincetown Playhouse in the West Village where it ran for around five years consecutively. The continuous exposure of Busch brought him to enormous success that made him held as the queen of drag among the theaters in the city. Moreover, he was also nominated in 2001 at the Tony award for the Best Play â€Å"the Tale of the Allergist’s Wife that ran for 22 months in Broadway. Over the years, Busch shows craftsmanship in doing and sharing his talents not only in the American

Sustainable Brand luxury Essay Example for Free

Sustainable Brand luxury Essay Introduction What is striking is the similarity between the two. I can say that sustainability and luxury are similar to bedfellows. Sadly, this would be somewhat naive. Luxury is constantly on move as said by many economists (Kapferer 2008, p. 96). Sustainable fashion with its luxury indicates living harmoniously with mother earth; it is employing trained artisum in safe and humane working conditions. Luxury products are often considered to have larger environmental footprints than their peers. There is an area where sustainability now encourages the luxury dream itself. (Exploria Art of Travel) Nature that is unspoiled is rare today, a chain of hotels emerged where the dream is sustainability like Explora in chille with resorts in Atacama and other places, and these are fully positive energy buildings, with no litter. An organic bacterium is used to destroy everything and food is produced through organic farming by native farmers and so on. Sustainability luxury now Luxury brands are now-a-days interested to turn over a new leaf. Many firms are repositioning to compete with others in their field through environmental and social responsibility as a point of differentiation when competing for the share of consumer wallet which is very tight in economic downturn. (Lakshmi Prasanna 2013, pers. Comm. , 18 Feb. ), Luxury has now passed into masses rather than a cream layer. Sustainability luxury have been Luxury brands have been bought by only those who had money, taste and power. Some products play a role of status symbols and simply they are perceived by public. There is no necessary that these are better than their less expensive products, are bought with main reason of displaying wealth. (Inconspicuous consumption, 2008) These types of products are objects of socio-economic phenomenon called conspicuous consumption. Sustainability luxury can be or ought to be Luxury brands usually set their own standards. Very high gross margins are achieved by Luxury brands and they relay strongly on their reputation, because reputation gives strength to the brand (Tabatoni et al, 2010). People are purchasing luxury goods and are promoting new era of market innovation around sustainability. Every category of good available in the market today includes similar products whose luxury is marked by better quality components and materials. Focus The focus of this article is to analyze relationship of luxury and sustainability. It’s important to see how today’s young consumers, so conscious of green values do, balance their continual need for ever-newer fashion with their presumed commitment to environmental sustainability The image1 above you can see European business review 2013. Market demand Luxury brand is very visible sector; public attention is wholly linked to its high profile customers, VIP’s and celebrities. For many years the luxury goods market has been on an upward climb. The industry had a setback in 1997 called the Asian Financial Crisis, In 2000 the industry has performed well, the luxury products market in the world which includes drinks, fashion, cosmetics, fragrances, watches, jewelry, luggage, handbags – was worth close to $170 billion and grew 7. 9 percent. Only (-0. 9 percent) decline was suffered by this sector, which was the lowest (Okonkwo, 2007 pg.145). (Epsten roy 2003) Today sustainability is regarded as virtually important business perceptive by multiple people such as investors, stake holders, customers and policy makers. Horizons of sustainability: Raising awareness In regard with sustainability the company’s are taking much regard in making changes that support the term sustainability, the more the changes are made they will tend to become part of the company’s identity and mix up into their overall strategy, leading not only to greater sustainability but also greater trust from consumer’s. By remaking the fundamental values of luxury, sustainability can help to clearly check its difference versus more common premium brands. At a time when sustainability is still not well understood or accepted by many people, the influence exerted by luxury brands could play a key role in raising both awareness and also helping to drive behavioral change in consumers. First input must come, not from consumers, but from pioneering brands (Leslie). Brands that will- Encourage reparability and long life of product Promote principle of buy less and pay more. Dematerialize and reinvent luxury experience. Promote respect for appropriate compensation of craftsmanship. Serve as sustainable trend setter. In order to create demand brands should make their image by raising awareness among consumers. In terms of awareness rising, consumer education and behavior change campaigns, major role can be played by celebrities but there also range of other possibilities including traditional and social media which can be interesting, fun and relevant to the audience of all groups. Another event of the luxury market is Luxury Shopping Avenues. Certain thoroughfares like Melbournes Collins Street, Singapores Orchard Road, Amsterdams P. C. Hooftstraat Athens, Chicagos Magnificent Mile, Paris Champs-Elysees, Avenue Montaigne (Wikipedia) area are some places where most luxury brands tend to be concentrated. These are managed by large companies which concentrate luxury goods stores. Positive behavior of buyer: schemes For retailers, the challenge is always to attract customers to their spot as there are many alternatives for customers and help them to understand the benefit in making sustainable choice. Some use incentive schemes which help to keep customers loyal by rewarding them with points that can be spent on virtual markets/ websites. And customer loyalty and willing to pay price premium is particularly important for new ethical brands that are looking to grow. It’s said retaining old customer is better than finding new customers as finding one costs double then retaining the old one. Barriers Luxury is based on object rarity or can be also said as scarcity. . (J. N.Sheth et al, 2010) High prices limit demand for these products and are the best way to protect future of these resources. Sustainable luxury goods- Do not directly focus on customers. Do not recognize emerging threat from rising global over-consumption. The approach is not holistic. Conclusion Sustainable luxury goods have long standing concern for quality and craft. Blendell and Kleanthous (2007) The choice of consumer to pursue the luxury is linked to the brand’s stance on important social issues, such as saving the planet. All that can be said is â€Å"for all we know, we might not get tomorrow to save earth. † There are some brands showing how luxury fashion can successfully achieve and market sustainability and ethics. As a consumer myself, I would want to show that I not only enjoy good quality of the good but that I also care for environment and I hope most of consumers think alike. References Exploria Art Travel, 8 April 2014, www. exploria. com/sustainability Jagdish N Seth, Nirmala K Sethia, Shanthi Srinivas, 2010 â€Å"Mindful Consumption: A Customer Centric Approach To Sustainability† Academy of Marketing Science, US Kapferer, Jean-Noel, 2008 â€Å"The New Strategic Brand Management† 4th ed. Kapferer, Jean-Noel, 2013 â€Å"The European Business Review† www. europeanbusinessreview. com/? p=2869 Okonkwo, uche, 2007 â€Å"Luxury fashion branding: Trends, Tactics and Techniques† Tabatoni, O Kapferer,J-N, 2010 â€Å"Are Luxury Brands Really A Financial Dream? † HEC Paris, Research Paper,July 2010 Virginia postrel, 2008, â€Å"Culture and commerce – Inconspicious consumption† http://www.theatlantic. com/magazine/archive/2008/07/inconspicuous-consumption/306845/ Leslie pascaud, Director sustainable marketing and innovation practice, viewed 8 April 2014 www. addedvalue. com Partridge, D. J. 2011 â€Å"Activist capitalism and supply chin citizenship: producing ethical regimes and ready to wear cloths† current 52 (s3). Blendell, J and Klenthous, A 2007 â€Å"Deeper luxury: quality and style when the world matters† Godalming: wwf. uk Ceri Heat Cote- â€Å"The ethical fashion†, 17 sept 2012 http://source. ethicalfashionforum. com/article/marketing-sustainability-for-the-luxury-fashion-sector- Wikipedia.

Domestic Marketing And International Marketing

Domestic Marketing And International Marketing The report has been prepared to highlight whether International marketing is really no different from the study of domestic marketing. It comprises the insight of domestic marketing, international marketing, and evolution of global marketing. The objective of this report is to explore various differences between International and domestic marketing. It focuses on various issues that need to be overcome before moving from domestic marketing to international marketing. This report illustrates various examples which moved from domestic to global marketing and experienced remarkable increase in the revenue. This report highlights various ethical problems faced in International Marketing. TABLE OF CONTENTS Topics Page No. Introductionà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦4 The evolution of global marketingà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.4-6 Domestic Marketingà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦..6-7 International Marketingà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.7-9 Domestic vs. Internationalà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.9-11 Empirical Examplesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦12-13 Biggest International Marketing Mistakesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.13 Ethical Problems in International Marketingà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.13-15 Conclusion à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦15 Reference and bibliographyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦16 INTRODUCTION The marketing aspect is as important as other business aspect in every business engagement. The marketing aspect deals as how to make the product being introduce and sell in the market. There are many kinds of organizations created such as the domestic business, multinational business, international business, etc. The marketing strategies of each kind of business depend on the nature of the business involvement. Therefore, the Domestic and International markets should have separate marketing strategy. The differences of the two markets are obvious from the point of their market host and demand domain. The evolution of global marketing The long held tenants of marketing are customer value, competitive advantage and focus. Organizations hence studied the market, developed the product which satisfied the customer. They followed correct marketing mix to satisfy its own objectives. However this strategy proved to be very narrow as time elapsed and hence evolved Strategic Marketing. The focus was shifted from knowing only customer requirements, to knowing the customer in a context which includes the competition, government policy and regulations, and the broader economic, social and political macro forces that shape the evolution of markets. In global marketing term this means forging alliances (relationships) or developing networks, which works closely with home country government officials and industry competitors to gain access to a target market. The marketing objective has changed from satisfying organizational objectives to one of stakeholder benefits including employees, society, government and so on. Table 1.1 outlines a typology of terms which describes the characteristics of companies at different stages in the process of evolving from domestic to global enterprises. Table 1.1 Stages of domestic to global evolution Management emphasis Stage one Domestic Stage two International Stage three Multinational Stage four Global Focus Domestic Ethnocentric Polycentric Geocentric Marketing strategy Domestic Extension Adaption Extension Structure Domestic International Worldwide area Adaption creation matrix/mixed Management style Domestic Centralized top down Decentralized bottom up Integrated Manufacturing stance Mainly domestic Mainly domestic Host country Lowest cost worldwide Investment policy Domestic Domestic used worldwide Mainly in each host country Cross subsidization Performance evaluation Domestic market share Against home country market share Each host country market share Worldwide In stage one domestic marketing was in focus, with all activity concentrated in the home market. Organizations like milk marketing, solely domestically oriented organizations. In stage two home marketing is focused, but with exports (ethnocentric). Organization probably believes only in home values, but creates an export division. In stage three stage two organizations which realize that they must adapt their marketing mixes to overseas operations. The focus of theses organizations switches to multinational (polycentric) and adaption becomes paramount. In stage four global organizations which create value by extending products and programs and focus on serving emerging global markets (geocentric). This involves in recognizing the markets around the world which consist of similarities and differences and that it is possible to develop a global strategy based on similarities to obtain scale economies, but also recognizes and responds to cost effective differences. The strategies are a combination of extension, adaptation and creation. Domestic Marketing A domestic market is a financial market and trades are aimed toward a single market. A domestic market is also referred to as domestic trading. In domestic trading, organization faces only one set of competitive, economic, and market issues and essentially must deal with only one set of customers, although the company may have several segments in a market. Following are four guiding principles that governs the marketing strategy Knowledge Based Promotion The marketing platform is to deliver the huge benefit of products through ethically designed promotional strategies. The product will be promoted in the marketplace with a message that is focused, competitively advantageous, relevant and evocative to target audience segments, clinically supportable, and sustainable over time. Building Loyalty The marketers ensure that their product is always superseded by any other alternatives and it doesnt go out of fashion. Brand loyalty is integral part in adding value to their business. Parameters Not Formulas There is no set formula to devise the marketing and sales strategies and every product is different and respectively faces its own unique confluence of factors influencing its performance over time. The parameters governing should be with respect to sales and market share. Each of these parameters should be reviewed frequently through external market conditions, other corporate priorities, pricing changes, and new or revived competitors. Meeting the Genuine need The organization should aim to meet customer needs recognized by them. Japanese domestic market The term Japanese Domestic Market (JDM) is used by companies in Japan to refer to the services and product they offer in local market, as opposed to the international, non-Japanese market. The automotive hobbyist uses this term most commonly to refer Japanese-brand automobiles and parts designed and constructed to conform to Japanese vehicle and equipment regulations and to suit Japanese market preferences. Vehicles made in JDM migrate to other markets through ordinary commerce and the grey market. Vehicles made in JDM often differ in features and equipment from vehicles sold elsewhere. For example, Honda to sell its product worldwide has produced different versions of the B18C 1, B16A and K20A engines. This was done to suite varying emission regulations laws followed in different countries. Vehicles built based on JDM specifications will have stiffer suspensions and improved throttle response over vehicles built for different global markets, due to differing driving styles and different road types. For example, the USA features long highways and a smoother ride is always preferable, whereas Japans features short and twisty roads, where a stiffer suspension is desired for improved handling capability. For the US and European market versions, some features may be removed in order to meet certain price level, conventional rear suspension can be used instead of a double wishbone suspension and electronic devices like Active Yaw Control. Furthermore, engine power of JDM sports cars may be removed to meet stricter emission standards in other countries. The JDM headlamps would be a major concern when it comes to safety in countries where traffic flows along the right side of the road, because JDM headlamps are engineered for use on the left side of the road. International Marketing International marketing is a kind of marketing carried out by organizations overseas or across national borderlines. The strategy used is an extension of the techniques used in the home country of a firm. According to the American Marketing Association (AMA) international marketing is the multinational process of planning and executing the conception, pricing, promotion and distribution of ideas, goods, and services to create exchanges that satisfy individual and organizational objectives. Global Marketing Strategy gives a practical managerial orientation to international marketing in complex, rapidly changing global business environment. The marketing strategy focuses on customer analysis, competitor analysis and company analysis. Once marketing strategies are established the focus is done for segmenting markets, targeting markets and market positioning in the international arena. Following are the factors that need to be considered before moving abroad Demographic and physical environment should be assessed in categories like population size, growth, distribution channels, etc. Economic environment should be reviewed that goes around with the income and expenditure activities, inflation, currency stability, etc. that will contribute for the new service or products success. Social and cultural environment should be assessed that encompasses a wide range of anticipations and assumptions with regards to the culture and social differences. Legal environment should be considered which includes the limitations on trade and tariffs, proper documentation and import regulations. Political environment should be reviewed in which the governments system is included. In terms of strategies, the international market is truly different and more complicated than domestic markets. Individualized Marketing Strategy: This strategy is followed by companies that conduct international business in several nations and is often utilized by smaller businesses involved in only one or two foreign markets. In this strategy, political, social, and economic factors are important components of the marketing process. Global Marketing Strategy This strategy ignores differences between nations and based on the notion that consumers around the world are growing more and more similar and a standardized product and marketing mix can achieve enormous economies, especially in advertising, packing, and distribution because they would not be changed. Domestic Marketing vs. International Marketing Global marketing decisions requires months of research. They require high degree of planning and formation of internal strategies, factors affecting strategies are target audiences, spending and profit margins. Global marketing is more complex, and must take into consideration numerous factors such as Language and translation: Some countries share similar language but every country has nuances of language that should be considered before marketing globally. The marketing pieces should be shared with native speakers in the countries targeted for marketing, even if the language is the same as domestic market. For example Spanish is a language shared by millions worldwide, yet the Spanish spoken in Mexico differs from the Spanish spoken in Spain. Cultural considerations: Cultures vary worldwide and marketing pieces must reflect cultural nuances accordingly. It is wise to examine cultural context before to save money later by helping you avoid costly advertising and marketing mistakes. For Example In the United States, advertisements depicting scantily clad models sell everything from shaving products to soft drinks but in more conservative cultures, such advertisements would be offensive or even banned. Price and payment methods: Online sellers should facilitate currency converters or payment processing systems that accept multiple currencies, sellers must be aware of pricing sensitivities by country, by product and by market. Before launching the product into global market, competition and competitive pricing models should be investigated. The price should be tagged depending on whether product is targeted for domestic or global market. Marketing methods and the media mix: Marketing methods such as websites and print advertisements are used in most countries while others countries prefer to have direct mails. Countries with large rural populations, such as China and India, may not have as robust a mail service as industrialized countries so they may rely more heavily on radio or television rather than printed messages to share new and information. Before investing in any media we need to understand audience being targeted. Distribution methods and shipping concerns: Each country has its own restrictions and law as to what goods can be imported. Costs, time delay and country restrictions must be accounted for worldwide shipping. Every organization must comply with all importation laws, and if required they should be willing to invest the time into learning rules and regulations concerning exports and imports. While planning is an important aspect of any successful campaign, there are certain considerations which are vital for successful launch of a product in domestic market and global market. Table 1.2 lists the instances required to be considered before marketing. Table 1.2 Considerations vital for successful launch of a product Domestic Planning International Planning Single language and nationality Multilingual/multinational/multicultural factors Relatively homogeneous market Fragmented and diverse markets Data available, usually accurate and collection easy Data collection a large task requiring significantly higher budgets and personnel allocation Political factors relatively unimportant Political factors frequently vital Relative freedom from government interference Involvement in national economic plans; government influences business decisions Individual corporation has little effect on environment Gravitational distortion by large companies Chauvinism helps Chauvinism hinders Relatively stable business environment Multiple environments, many of which are highly unstable (but may be highly profitable) Domestic Planning International Planning Uniform financial climate Variety of financial climates ranging from over-conservative to wildly inflationary Single currency Currencies differing in stability and real value Business rules of the game mature and understood Rules diverse, changeable and unclear Solid Global Marketing decisions involve months of research with high degree of planning to achieve companys ultimate goals. Advanced planning gives a number of advantages Helps coordinate activities Helps prepare for emergencies Gives activity continuity Integrates functions and activities Helps in a continuous review of operations Following are the common differences Domestic Marketing Domestic marketing is marketing aimed at a single market. This single market is the firms domestic market. The firm faces only one set of competitive, economic and market issues. International Marketing International marketing goes beyond exporting and calls for direct involvement in the local marketing environment within a given country. Understanding different cultural, economic and political environments becomes necessary for success in international markets. Empirical Examples The domestic businesses samples probably rise in the range of local suppliers whereas the internationally engaged business strives to keep their business growing such as the Nike, automobile businesss, and even beauty products. QVC shopping leader The QVC shopping leader started as a shopping channel. The show hosts could only demonstrate a limited number of products per day. In 1996, QVC thought of expanding its business by getting into an Internet business where customers could browse online at their iQVC web site for a much larger selection of products. The QVC marketed majority of its product online which resulted in quantum leap in QVC e-business, spurring development of a technologically elegant system of warehousing and shipping the items as well. iQVC noticed a profit only after three months, made $97 million in profits by the year 2000, and has enjoyed ever-increasing sales each year since then. McDonalds Strategy McDonald has succeeded in growing as a consequence of its strategic choices. The analysis of the external and internal environment of the company shows, McDonalds strengths are more significant than its weaknesses. The primary strength is its brand, which is recognized all over the world, and its position at the head of its industry makes it a force to be reckoned with. The ability to determine what consumers want and need and adapt to new requirement is a major strength of company. This is the one that requires McDonalds to keep reinventing itself. Previously McDonalds used to close in the evenings just after dinner, but now almost 40% of McDonalds restaurants stay open round the clock, this is done to focus on between-meal and late-night options such as snack foods and fruit smoothies. On top of this McDonalds keeps on generating new products more aggressively than in the past. The new selections are tried out in one market for several weeks to see how the sales, costs, and margins grow and how easy they are to prepare by the companys constantly-changing staff. McDonalds strategies add on to companys strengths, such as the delivery service. It offers services in crowded cities such as Shanghai, this way company not only make more sales by catering to the traffic-challenged, time-constrained, and lazy, it also saves itself some money at the same time, because delivered meals require no table clean-up at the restaurant. Biggest International Marketing Mistakes Few companies faced huge losses due to insufficient planning and research done before launching the product in global market. In South East Asia Pepsi Cola lost it dominant market share when they changed the color of its vending machines and coolers from deep Regal blue to light Ice blue as Light blue is associated with death and mourning in SE Asia. Few years back when Pepsi started marketing products in China, they translated their slogan, Pepsi Brings You Back to Life pretty literally. The literal meaning of slogan in Chinese was, Pepsi Brings Your Ancestors Back from the Grave. During Chevrolets attempt to launch the Nova proved a mistake as Spanish translation of it was Doesnt Go, and in Mexico translation was (turns out this one appears to be an urban legend and cannot be verified). Ethical Problems in International Marketing The ethical standards are frequently not defined or always clear even within the country, which to leads dilemmas for domestic marketers. The business ethics is infinitely more complex in international marketplace, because value judgments differ widely among culturally diverse groups. The ethical standards commonly accepted in one country may be completely unacceptable in other countries. In US, giving business gifts of high value is highly condemned, whereas in many other countries the business gifts are not only accepted but also expected. Once the existing ethical framework is examined in the field of international marketing from a macro marketing perspective, it is argued that marketers cannot always rely on universally accepted ethical norms, such as hyper norms or core values that have been suggested by a deluge of marketing. We can use some basic moral values in evaluating international marketing ethical issues. We should accept violations of basic moral values in internationa l marketing settings as ethical problems. Following are Major International Marketing Ethical Problems derived from applied researches by Armstrong Traditional Small Scale Bribery- This involves the payment of few concurrency to a foreign official in exchange for him/her violating some official duty or responsibility or to speed routine government actions (grease payments, kickbacks). Large Scale Bribery- This involves relatively large payment intended to allow a violation of the law or designed to influence policy directly or indirectly (eg, political contribution). Gifts/Favours/Entertainment- This includes a range of items such as: lavish physical gifts, opportunities for personal travel at the companys expense, gifts received after the completion of transaction and other extravagant expensive entertainment. Pricing This involves unfair differential pricing, questionable invoicing in which the buyer requests a written invoice showing a price that is different from the actual price paid, pricing to force out local competition, dumping products at prices well below that in the home country, pricing practices that are illegal in the home country but legal in host country (eg, price fixing agreements). Products/Technology This includes products and technology that are banned for use in the home country but permitted in the host country and/or appear unsuitable or inappropriate for use by the people of the host country. Tax Evasion Practices This is used specifically to evade tax such as transfer pricing (i.e., where prices paid between affiliates and/or parent company adjusted to affect profit allocation) including the use of tax havens, where any profit made is in low tax jurisdiction, interest payments on intra-firm loans, questionable management and service fees charged between affiliates and /or the parent company. Illegal/Immoral Activities in the Host Country This includes practices such as: polluting the environment, maintaining unsafe working conditions; product/technology copying where protection of patents, trademarks or copyrights has not been enforced and short weighting overseas shipments so as to charge a country a phantom weight. Questionable Commissions to Channel Members This includes unreasonably large commissions of fees paid to channel members, such as sales agents, middlemen, consultants, dealers and importers. Cultural Differences This is between cultures involving potential misunderstandings related to the traditional requirements of the exchange process (e.g., transactions) may be regarded by one culture as bribes but be acceptable business practices in another culture. These practices include: gifts, monetary payments, favours, entertainment and political contributions. Involvement in Political Affairs- This is related to the combination of marketing activities and politics including the following: the exertion of political influence by multinationals, engaging in marketing activities when either home or host countries are at war and illegal technology transfers. Conclusion Typically, the first area where companies seek to market their goods or services is within its own country (domestic marketing). Since the market, customer needs, tastes, geography, demographics, and distribution methods are familiar, its often the easiest place for companies to launch a product. The four Ps of marketing product, price, place and promotion are often easier for companies to determine within the domestic market. Companies begin marketing their goods or services within their domestic market, and expand to the global market to capture greater market share and open up new avenues for sales. Global marketing means to offer ones goods or services worldwide. Global marketing requires months of research and planning before getting into global market. It is necessary to understand different cultural, economic and political environments for success in international markets Reference and bibliography Text referencing: Reference book The Global Marketing Imperative by Michael R. Czinkota, Ilkka A. Ronkainen, John Tarrant News paper articles Electronic sources: Websites Publications available from websites Unpublished works: Personal communication